Materials and Reagents

Eight-week-old male C57 mice or a variety of transgenic/knockout mice, body weight 20-25 g
Nembutal
Buprenorphine
LPS (Escherichia coli 0111: B4) (Sigma-Aldrich)
Sterile normal saline (0.9%) or other vehicle for your reagents
Ocular lubricant (Puralube)
70% ethanol
4% paraformaldehyde
Betadine
Phosphate buffered saline (PBS)
LPS stock solution (see Recipes)

Equipment

Motorized microinjection pump
Small-animal stereotaxic apparatus (mouse stereotaxic apparatus)
Microinjection apparatus
Dental drill and #1 burrs
Microknife
Scalpel (#10)
Tissue forceps
Gauze
Autoclips/suture materials
Stereotaxic frame

Procedure

Animal anesthesia
Nembutal 50 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection.
Analgesic
Buprenorphine, 0.1 mg/kg subcutaneous injection given at the time of surgery.
Animal preparation
1. Clip hair from the top of the head.
2. Decontaminate skin with betadine followed by 70% ethanol.
3. Administer the analgesic.
4. Apply an ocular lubricant to prevent drying of the eyes.
The coordinates used for the injection
1. 3.0 mm posterior to the bregma.
2. 1.3 mm lateral to the midline.
3. 4.7 mm ventral to the surface of the skull.
  Note: Differences in mouse age and body weight might require an adjustment to the coordinates for the injection.
Surgical procedure
1. Stabilize the head of the mouse in the stereotaxic frame by using the ear bars. It is critical for the head to be positioned correctly by the ear bars. This can be verified by moving the nose right to left and the eye on the opposite side will squint.
  Note: There is no need to puncture eardrums for proper positioning.
2. Make a 5 mm incision in the midline of the scalp.
3. To prevent bleeding, gently scrape away the periosteal connective tissue that adheres to the bone with the blunt edge of the scalpel handle.
4. The cranial sutures, bregma and lambda will be identified and a hole will be drilled with a small dental drill in the parietal skull plate (coordinates to be determined by stereotaxic atlas of rat brain).
5. The hole will penetrate the full skull but not the dura mater. The dura is a very tough membrane but can easily be sliced with a sharp hypodermic needle.
6. A pre-loaded 30 g a microinjection syringe attached to the microinjection apparatus is slowly inserted into the brain to predetermined depth through the opening in the skull. The injection will be conducted over a period of 2 min and controlled by a motorized microinjection pump.
7. Repeat step 4 to step 6 to injection 2 µl of sterile normal saline (0.9%) into the opposite side of the brain.
8. After the injection, the needle will be kept in place for 2 min.
9. Remove the needle slowly out of the brain.
10. Close the skin incision with autoclips or silk suture.
Post-operative care
1. Monitor animal until recovered from anesthesia.
2. Monitor incision daily for any discharge, swelling or dehiscence.
3. If animal appears unthrifty, inactive or reluctant to move, contact the Veterinary Medicine Section immediately.
4. Authclip/suture removal in 10-14 days.
5. At desired time points, rat will be anesthetized and transcardially perfused with PBS, followed by PBS-buffered 4% paraformaldehyde for Immunohistochemistry.

Recipes

LPS prepared as a stock solution of 5 mg/ml in sterile normal saline (0.9%) and stored in small aliquots at 4 °C.

Acknowledgments

This protocol has been developed and improved over the years by various researchers in Dr. Hong’s lab, especially Dr. Bin Liu (Gao et al., 2008).

References

Gao, H. M., Kotzbauer, P. T., Uryu, K., Leight, S., Trojanowski, J. Q. and Lee, V. M. (2008). Neuroinflammation and oxidation/nitration of alpha-synuclein linked to dopaminergic neurodegeneration. J Neurosci 28(30): 7687-7698.